Author

J. Evans Bailey
Rushton, Stakely, Johnston, & Garrett, P. A.
184 Commerce Street (36104)
Post Office Box 270 (36101)
Montgomery, Alabama
334-206-3100

Last updated July 2025

D. John McKay
117 E. Cook Ave.
Anchorage, AK 99501
(907) 274-3154

Daniel C. Barr
Katherine E. May
Perkins Coie LLP
2901 North Central Avenue, Suite 2000
Phoenix, Arizona 85012
(602) 351-8000
dbarr@perkinscoie.com
kmay@perkinscoie.com

John E. Tull III
Kristine G. Baker
Amber M. Davis
Sarah E. DeLoach
Quattlebaum, Grooms, Tull & Burrow PLLC
111 Center Street, Suite 1900
Little Rock, Arkansas 72201
(501) 379-1700

John J. Watkins
William H. Enfield Professor of Law
Robert A. Leflar Law Center
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
(479) 575-2456

Richard J. Peltz
Associate Professor of Law
William H. Bowen School of Law
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
1201 McMath Avenue
Little Rock, Ark. 72202
(501) 324-9962

Duffy Carolan
Jassy Vick Carolan LLP
601 Montgomery Street, Suite 850
San Francisco, CA 94111
(415) 539-3399
dcarolan@jassyvick.com

Last updated Jan. 2023

Steven D. Zansberg, Thomas B. Kelley, and Gregory P. Szewczyk
Ballard Spahr LLP
1225 17th Street
Suite 2300
Denver, CO  80202

William S. Fish, Jr.
Alexa T. Millinger
HINCKLEY, ALLEN & SNYDER LLP
20 Church Street – 18th Floor
Hartford, Connecticut 06103
(860) 725-6200

Last updated June 2022

Last updated August 23, 2021

Lauren P. Russell
BALLARD SPAHR LLP
1909 K Street, NW, 12th Floor
Washington, DC 20006-1157
202.661.7605

Previously updated by RCFP staff based on an earlier edition by Chad M. Shandler and Laura D. Hatcher at Richards, Layton & Finger, Wilmington, Delaware.

Stephen J. Fuzesi, Esq.

A. Joshua Podoll, Esq.

WILLIAMS & CONNOLLY LLP
725 12th Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 434-5000

 

Last updated August 2023

Mark R. Caramanica,
Daniela B. Abratt, Linda Riedemann Norbut

Thomas & LoCicero PL
601 South Boulevard
Tampa, FL 33606
Telephone (813) 984-3060; Facsimile (813) 984-3070

With special thanks and gratitude to the original author of this chapter, Richard J. Ovelmen, who passed away in 2020.

Special thanks to Thomas & LoCicero summer associate Elizabeth D. Ernest who assisted with this update.

Last updated July 31, 2021

Peter C. Canfield
Canfield Law LLC
34 Inman Cir NE
Atlanta, GA 30309
Tel: (678) 296-5413
pccanfield@gmail.com

Last updated March 15, 2024

Jeffrey S. Portnoy
John P. Duchemin
CADES SCHUTTE LLP
1000 Bishop Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
(808) 521-9200

Last updated July 2021

Debora Kristensen Grasham, Esq.
dkk@givenspursley.com
GIVENS PURSLEY, LLP
601 W. Bannock Street
Boise, Idaho 83702
Tel: (208) 388-1200
Fax: (208) 388-1300
www.givenspursley.com

Donald M. Craven, Esq.
Donald M. Craven, P.C.
1005 North Seventh Street
Springfield, Illinois 62702-3918
(217) 544-1777 (telephone)
(217) 544-0713 (facsimile)
http://www.cravenlawoffice.com

Last updated August 26, 2021

Margaret Christensen
Jessica O. Laurin
BINGHAM GREENEBAUM DOLL LLP
10 West Market Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46204
Telephone: (317) 968-5493
Email: mchristensen@bgdlegal.com

Michael A. Giudicessi and Susan P. Elgin
Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP
801 Grand Avenue, 33rd Floor
Des Moines, Iowa 50309-8003
Telephone:  515-248-9000
Facsimile:  515-248-9010
Email:  michael.giudicessi@faegredrinker.com

Special thanks to Douglas L. Phillips, who co-authored an earlier version of this chapter.

Last updated February 7, 2020

Maxwell E. Kautsch
810 Pennsylvania St., #207
Lawrence, KS  66044
(785) 840-0077
maxk@kautschlaw.com

Last updated January 19, 2023

Special thanks to the former co-author of this chapter, Michael W. Merriam, who passed away in 2019.

Jeremy S. Rogers
DINSMORE & SHOHL LLP
101 South Fifth Street
Suite 2500
Louisville, KY 40202
(502) 540-2300
Fax (502) 585-2207
jeremy.rogers@dinsmore.com

Mary Ellen Roy
Roym@phelps.com
Dan Zimmerman
dan.zimmerman@phelps.com
Ashley Heilprin
ashley.heilprin@phelps.com
Phelps Dunbar LLP
365 Canal Street, 20th Floor
New Orleans LA 70130
Tel. (504) 566-1311
Fax (504) 568-9130

Last updated July 2024

Sigmund D. Schutz
Harper Weissburg, summer law clerk, Boston University School of Law, class of 2022
PRETI, FLAHERTY, BELIVEAU, &
PACHIOS, LLP
P.O. Box 9546
One City Center
Portland, Maine 04112-9546
Tel: 207-791-3000
Fax: 207-791-3111
Internet: www.preti.com

Last updated October 2021

Robin D. Leone, Esq.
SAUL EWING ARNSTEIN & LEHR LLP
500 East Pratt Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
(410) 332-8600

Last updated January 2023 (partial update - ad administrative appeal process)

Special thanks to Reporters Committee legal fellow Daniel Jeon for updating this chapter and to Robert A. Bertsche, of Prince Lobel Tye LLP, the original author of this chapter.

Partially updated September 2023

Brian D. Wassom
Kristina Araya
WARNER NORCROSS + JUDD LLP
12900 Hall Rd., Suite 200
Sterling Hts., MI 48313
(586) 303-4139
E-mail: bwassom@wnj.com

Last updated July 2025

2018 edition:

Leita Walker
(walkerl@ballardspahr.com; (612) 371-6222)
Ballard Spahr LLP
2000 IDS Center
80 South 8th St.
Minneapolis, MN 55402-2119

Shannon Jankowski
(Shannon.Jankowski@FaegreBD.com; (612) 766-7646)
John P. Borger
(John.Borger@FaegreBD.com; (612) 766-7501 (retired))
Faegre Baker Daniels LLP
2200 Wells Fargo Center
90 S. Seventh Street
Minneapolis, MN 55402
www.faegrebd.com

(Includes information from prior edition written by Paul R. Hannah)

Luther T. Munford
Butler Snow
P.O. Box 6010
Ridgeland, MS  39158
601-985-4500
Luther.munford@butlersnow.com

Haley F. Gregory
Butler Snow LLP
1020 Highland Colony Parkway, Suite 1400, Ridgeland, MS 39157
P.O. Box 6010, Ridgeland, MS 39158-6010
(601) 985-4458 (direct)
haley.gregory@butlersnow.com

Last updated Sept. 2021.

Benjamin A. Lipman
Vice-President of Legal Affairs and General Counsel
Las Vegas Review-Journal
(702) 383-0224
blipman@reviewjournal.com

Peter Michael Meloy, Esq.
MELOY LAW FIRM
P.O. Box 1241
Helena, Montana 59624-1241

Shawn D. Renner
Cline, Williams, Wright
Johnson & Oldfather
1900 U.S. Bank Building
233 South 13th Street
Lincoln, NE 68508
(402) 474-6900
srenner@clinewilliams.com

Kristen Gallagher, Esq.

Adam Hosmer-Henner, Esq.
McDonald Carano LLP
2300 W. Sahara Avenue

Suite 1200

Las Vegas, NV 89102

(702) 873-4100

William L. Chapman
wlc@orr-reno.com
Nathaniel B. Morse
nmorse@orr-reno.com
ORR & RENO, P.A.
One Eagle Square, P.O. Box 3550
Concord, New Hampshire 03302-3550
603-224-2381

Partially updated September 2023

Thomas J. Cafferty, Esq.
Nomi I. Lowy Esq.
Lauren James-Weir, Esq.

Charlotte Howells, Esq.
Gibbons P.C.
One Gateway Center
Newark, New Jersey 07102
(973) 596-4863

Last updated October 2021

Alexandra Cervantes
Christina C. Sheehan
Modrall, Sperling, Roehl, Harris & Sisk, P.A.
500 Fourth Street, Suite 1000
Post Office Box 2168
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103-2168

Patrick J. Rogers
Patrick J. Rogers, LLC
20 First Plaza Center NW, Suite 725
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87102

Last updated August 2021

Michael J. Grygiel, Esq.
Shareholder, Media and Entertainment Law Litigation Group
GREENBERG TRAURIG, LLP
54 State Street
Albany, New York 12207
(518) 689-1400
grygielm@gtlaw.com

The author gratefully acknowledges the comprehensive research assistance provided by Kelly L. McNamee and Jennifer M. Gomez, litigation associates with Greenberg Traurig’s Albany office.

C. Amanda Martin, amanda.martin@duke.edu
Duke University School of Law First Amendment Clinic
210 Science Drive Durham NC 27708
(919) 613-7142

Michael J. Tadych, mike@smvt.com
Stevens Martin Vaughn & Tadych, PLLC
6300 Creedmoor Road Suite 170-370
Raleigh, NC 27612
(919) 582-2300

Elizabeth J. Soja, esoja@rcfp.org
(202) 800-3557

Last updated February 14, 2024

Amy M. Oster, Esq.
Crowley Fleck PLLP
100 West Broadway, Suite 250
Bismarck, North Dakota 58501

aoster@crowleyfleck.com
(701) 223-6585

Last updated January 2024 by legal intern Courtney Douglas

Andrew Geronimo
Stanton Foundation Fellow, First Amendment Project
Case Western Reserve University School of Law
11075 East Boulevard
Cleveland, Ohio 44106

David Marburger
Marburger Law LLC
14700 Detroit Ave., Suite 1
Cleveland, OH 44107

With research contributions from Marcus Mazurowski, Coreen Debelak, and Max Marhulik, students in the First Amendment Lab at Case Western Reserve University School of Law.

RCFP Local Legal Initiative attorney Kathryn E. Gardner updated this chapter in November 2021, with special thanks and gratitude to David McCullough, the original author, who passed away in 2020.

Duane A. Bosworth
Derek D. Green
DAVIS WRIGHT TREMAINE LLP
1300 SW Fifth Ave., Suite 2400
Portland, Oregon 97201-5610
Phone: (503) 241-2300

Last updated July 2019

Charles Kelly, Esq.
John A. Marty, Esq.
Wesley Mishoe, Esq.
John R. Dixon, Esq.
SAUL EWING ARNSTEIN & LEHR
One PPG Place, 30th Floor
Pittsburgh, PA 15222
(412) 209-2500
Charles.Kelly@saul.com

The authors thank Ashley Saul (J.D. candidate, University of Miami) and Brian Piper (J.D. candidate, University of Florida) for their important contributions and assistance in writing this chapter. The authors also give special thanks to Robert C. Clothier and Beth L. Weisser, whose efforts in writing the first edition of this guide laid the critical foundation upon which this chapter was built, as well as Terry Mutchler, for her contribution to this update.

Last updated Oct. 4, 2019

Joseph V. Cavanagh, Jr. Esq.
Robert J. Cavanagh, Jr. Esq.
BLISH & CAVANAGH
Commerce Center
30 Exchange Terrace
Providence, Rhode Island 02903
(401) 831-8900

(Updated by RCFP staff)

Jay Bender
BAKER, RAVENEL & BENDER, L.L.P.
3710 Landmark Dr., Suite 400
Post Office Box 8057
Columbia, SC 29202
(803) 799-9091

Updated by
Taylor M. Smith IV
Harrison, Radeker & Smith, P.A.
P.O. Box 50143
Columbia, SC 29250
(803) 779-2211
www.harrisonfirm.com

Jon E. Arneson
123 South Main Avenue, Suite 202
Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57104
E-mail: Jea44@aol.com
Telephone: (605) 335-0083

Updated September 20, 2024

KING & BALLOW
Douglas R. Pierce
1100 Union Street Plaza
315 Union Street
Nashville, TN 37201
(615) 259-3456

Charles L. Babcock
Carl C. Butzer
Emily Carlton
Sarah J. Starr
Jackson Walker L.L.P.
2323 Ross Avenue
Suite 600
Dallas, TX 75201
(214) 953-6000

1401 McKinney Street
Suite 1900
Houston, Texas 77010
(713) 752-4200

Last updated January 21, 2025

Jeffrey J. Hunt, Esq.
Austin J. Riter, Esq.

Michael S. Anderson, Esq.
PARR BROWN GEE & LOVELESS
185 South State Street, Suite 800
Salt Lake City, Utah 84111
jhunt@parrbrown.com
ariter@parrbrown.com

manderson@parrbrown.com

(801) 532-7840

 

Last updated July 25, 2025

 

Robert B. Hemley, Esq.
Erin M. Moore, Esq.
GRAVEL AND SHEA
76 St. Paul Street
P.O. Box 369
Burlington, VT 05402
(802) 658-0220
Fax: (802) 658-1456
rhemley@gravelshea.com
emoore@gravelshea.com

Last updated Sept. 30, 2019

Craig T. Merritt, Esquire
Merritt Law, PLLC
919 East Main Street
Suite 1000
Richmond, Virginia 23219
cmerritt@merrittfirm.com

David B. Lacy, Esquire
Christian & Barton, L.L.P.
901 East Cary Street
Suite 1800
Richmond, Virginia 23219
dlacy@cblaw.com

Last updated September 2021

Eric M. Stahl, ericstahl@dwt.com
Michael J. Killeen, michaelkilleen@dwt.com
DAVIS WRIGHT TREMAINE
920 Fifth Avenue
Suite 3300
Seattle, Washington 98104
(206) 622-3150

Last updated December 2020

Patrick C. McGinley
Judge Charles H. Haden II Professor of Law
West Virginia University
College of Law
P.O. Box 6130
Morgantown, WV 26507-6130
(304) 552-2631
patrick.mcginley@mail.wvu.edu

and

Suzanne M. Weise
Visiting Associate Professor of Law
West Virginia University
College of Law
P.O. Box 6130
Morgantown, WV 26507-6130
(304-293-3367)
suzanne.weise@mail.wvu.edu

James A. Friedman
Godfrey & Kahn, S.C.
One East Main Street, Suite 500
P.O. Box 2719
Madison, WI 53701-2719
Phone: 608-257-3911
Fax: 608-257-0609

Special thanks to the previous authors of this chapter, Robert A. Christensen and David Lucey from Foley & Lardner LLP.

Last updated Sept. 14, 2020

Bruce T. Moats, Esquire
Law Office of Bruce T. Moats, P.C.
2515 Pioneer Avenue
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
(307) 778-8844

Michael J. Krampner, Esq., prepared the first edition of this work in 1989 with Lee Miller, Esq., who prepared the second edition in 1993. Dave Evans, Esq., prepared the third edition in 1997.

Updated February 2023 (changes to administrative appeal, enforcement of the Act)